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    SmartBrief enables case brief popups that define Key Terms, Doctrines, Acts, Statutes, Amendments and Treatises used in this case.

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    Criminal Law Keyed to Ohlin

    View this case in different Casebooks
    Criminal Law Keyed to DresslerCriminal Law Keyed to KadishCriminal Law Keyed to LaFaveCriminal Law Keyed to Osler

    United States v. Peterson

    Citation:

    482 F.2d 1222 (1973)
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    Facts

    Charles Keitt and two friends drove to the alley in the rear of the defendant’s house to remove the windshield wipers from his car. While Keitt was doing so, the defendant came out of the house. After a verbal exchange, the defendant went back inside and returned with a gun. He told Keitt that he would shoot him if he moved. Keitt asked “what the hell do you think you are going to do with that?” and then Keitt walked back to his car and grabbed a lug wrench.

    With the wrench in a raised position, Keitt advanced toward the defendant, who stood with the gun pointed toward him. The defendant warned him not to take another step, and when Keitt continued to walk towards him, the defendant fatally shot him.

    He was convicted of manslaughter. He appealed.

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    Case Quiz

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    Q.1 - Peterson’s conviction rested in part on the principle that an initial aggressor forfeits self-defense. Which of the following best captures how the D.C. Circuit implicitly distinguished between an “initial aggressor” and a “mere participant” in a mutual affray?
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    Incorrect. A is wrong because re-engagement after withdrawal is not what defined Peterson as aggressor.
    Incorrect. B is wrong because subjective fear was irrelevant; the test was conduct-based.
    Correct! The D.C. Circuit emphasized that introducing deadly force into a previously non-deadly encounter transforms a participant into an initial aggressor, eliminating self-defense. This aligns with common law limits and highlights the legal significance of escalation.
    Incorrect. D is wrong because retreat obligations do not exempt “mere participants.”
    Q.2 - The D.C. Circuit’s reasoning in Peterson can be read as anticipating the Model Penal Code’s treatment of provocation and withdrawal (§ 3.04(2)(b)(i)). In what respect does the decision most sharply diverge from the MPC’s approach?
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    Correct! The decision diverges from the MPC by absolutely denying aggressors the chance to regain self-defense, even with attempted withdrawal. The MPC provides for restoration in narrow circumstances, but the D.C. Circuit imposed a categorical bar.
    Incorrect. B is wrong because escalation by the adversary was not the reasoning.
    Incorrect. C is wrong because Peterson’s yard was not analyzed under a curtilage retreat exemption.
    Incorrect. D is wrong because verbal threats alone are not dispositive under the ruling.
    Q.3 - How does United States v. Peterson reshape the doctrinal relationship between Brown v. United States (1921) and the castle doctrine in evaluating retreat?
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    Incorrect. A is wrong because the court rejected expansion of standing ground to Peterson’s yard.
    Correct! The case narrowed Brown by clarifying that “no duty to retreat” cannot shield an aggressor; Peterson’s provocation nullified any castle doctrine protection. The ruling emphasized that aggressor status trumps the privilege of standing one’s ground.
    Incorrect. C is wrong because castle doctrine never applies when the defendant escalates.
    Incorrect. D is wrong because Brown remained relevant, not discarded.

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    Topic Resources

    Topic Video

    United States v. Peterson9m 57s
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    Topic Outline

    Defenses

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    Introduction to Defenses and Self Defense

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    United States v. Peterson